XLi[g߂ HOWTO

Howard Shane

hshane[AT]austin.rr.com

JG - {

jeanne@mbox.kyoto-inet.or.jp

Revision History                                                       
Revision 0.04               07-03       Revised by: jhs                
Clarified, revised and edited after inviting feedback from participants
of the SANE-devel mailing list                                         
Revision 0.01               06-03       Revised by: jhs                
Completed draft.                                                       

  Linux VXeŁAʐ^XLi[foCXւ̃ANZXƎgpɂ
KvȃXebv܂Ƃ߂łB

 

Table of Contents
1. ͂߂
   
    1.1. 쌠ɂ
    1.2. Ɛӎ
    1.3. ŐVłɂ
    1.4. ӎ
    1.5. tB[hobN
    1.6. ̋̕LqŎg񑩎
   
2. C^[tF[X̃^Cv
   
    2.1. SCSI XLi[
    2.2. USB XLi[
    2.3. p|[gXLi[
    2.4. IEEE 1394 (FirewireTM, i.LinkTM)
    2.5. Iy[eBOVXeT|[g
    2.6. USB XLi[ Libusb
    2.7. g̃XLi[foCX Linux J[lT|[g
    2.8. p|[gXLi[
   
3. XLi[foCX쐬ANZX
   
    3.1. foCXt@CVXe
    3.2. foCXނ蓮ō쐬
    3.3. O[vƋ
   
4. SANE
   
    4.1. SANE 肷
    4.2. SANE ݒ肷
   
5. XLi[eXg
6. SANE ̃tgGh
7. guW
   
    7.1. ̃XLi[ scanimage ł xsane ł邱Ƃł
        I
    7.2. USB n[hEFAĂ邩܂I
    7.3. g scanimage ܂̓tgGhsȃfoCXɂ
        ܂I
    7.4. p|[gXLi[ root łANZXł܂I
    7.5. Acme WhizzbangTM̃XLi[Ă܂AL̖⎿
        Ƃ낪܂B
    7.6. SANEɂāAT|[gĂXLi[ SANE ̊Jɂ
        Ă̏ڍׂȏ͂ǂɂ܂B
   
8. {ɂ
9. Gnu Free Documentation License

 

1. ͂߂

́̕A^nfB^CṽXLi[ArfIJAɃX
`[JAʕۑȂǂ܂ރX^[C[WXLi[foCX̐
ɂāA Linux [ÛړIɍ쐬܂BC^[tF
[X̃^CvAJ[lT|[gɂĂ̏AKvȃfoCX쐬
ANZX@ɂďqׂĂAčŌ̏͂ŁAR}hC
 X11 ŃXLi[n[hEFAgAvP[VɂĂ̎Z
܂Ƃ߂s܂Bʂȗpr̉摜t@CۑAg̃XL
i[foCX̎dlőɗpă\tgEFAg@ɂĂ
ΉĂ܂B̂悤ȏɂĂ͂̕ŏЉAvP
[Ṽz[y[WAg̃n[hEFAɓYtĂƎ҂̏
񑋌֖₢킹ĂB

f肵Ă܂A̕ "͂ǂ̂悤ȃXLi[wׂ
H"Ƃɂ͓Ă܂B̂悤Ȏւ̓́AȂ
ȃXLi[foCXTĂ邩ɂĈĂ܂B Section 2 
T|[gĂn[hEFÃXg̃NTA <http://
www.xs4all.nl/~ljm/SANE-faq.html#buying>TĂB

 

1.1. 쌠ɂ

 QlF̕ Howard Shane ɒ쌠i2003)܂B Free
Software Foundation ɂĔsꂽ GNU Free Documentation Licensei
CڂȂA\Jo[ȂA\Ȃj Version 1.2 ܂͂ȍ~
̔ł̏̂ƂɁÃ̕Rs[AzzAāi܂́j҂
܂BCZX̃Rs[ Section 9 Ō邱Ƃł܂B

 

1.2. Ɛӎ

 No liability for the contents of this document can be accepted. Use
the concepts, examples and other content entirely at your own risk. As
this is a new edition, there may be technical or other inaccuracies
that may result in system failure, destruction of your hardware and the
loss of your irreplaceable data. Proceed with caution and be aware that
although errors are unlikely, the author can nonetheless accept no
responsibility whatsoever for them.

 QlF̓̕eɂĐӔCȂƂmĂĂBl
₳܂܂ȗȂ̓e𗘗p邱Ƃׂ͂ĂȂg̐ӔC
łB̕ŐVłłAȂ̃n[hEFA󂵂Ă܂
厖ȃf[^̑ƂVXěׂɂȂ悤ȋZpIȊԈႢA
邢͂̑ԈႢ邩܂BӂčƂĂA
ăG[͕sKƂƂmĂĂB҂͂炷ׂĂ
ǂȂƂɂӔC𕉂Ƃ͂ł܂B

 All copyrights are held by their by their respective owners, unless
specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not
be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.

 QlFׂĂ̒쌠́AʂɋLȂ肻ꂼ̏L҂ɕۗL
Ă܂B̕ŎgpṕAȂ鏤WT[rX}[N̗L
ɕ]^ĂƍlĂ͂܂B

 ̐i̖Ouh͐iƌȂȂłB

 

1.3. ŐVłɂ

 ̕n߂Ẵ[XłłB

 ̍̕ŐVł͂ <http://www.hshanemd.net/docs/HOWTOS/Scanner
/>œł܂B

 

1.4. ӎ

 Oliver RauchAHenning Meier-GeinitzA Jonathan BuzzardA Laurent-janA
Jochen Eisinger ̑ SANE ̊JɎQĂX SANE-devel [
OXgɍvĂXɊӂƎv܂B[OXg
ɒN̓eȂ΁AǂȊŃxێĂÃvWFNg
𑱂͍̂ł傤B

 ܂A̕ƂvŃL[{[h@ĉ߂ԁA
ƍDӓIɑςĂꂽ Maria ɊӂqׂƎv܂BȂ͑f
炵lłB

 

1.5. tB[hobN

 ̕ւ̒ǉ₲ӌ͎̃AhXɑĂ: <hshane[AT]
austin.rr.com>Bꂪŏ̃[XȂ̂ŉ炩̌肪邱ƂƂ
킯CłAԈႢKv_ɂĂ͉Ȃ
ɒm点ĂB܂̕Ɋ܂܂ꂽق悢ƎvRcc[
ނɂāA܂[ȔɂȂǂȏȏłɒm点Ă
Bɂf肵Ă܂A͋ZpIȎ₠ꂱAXLi[
ɂ"ǂ"Ƃɂ͂ł܂B̂悤ȓe
̃[󂯎A /dev/nullsɂĂ܂ł傤B; [
߂邩ɎQlƂSection 7.5ĂB̓X
Li[ɂĂ̐Ƃł͂܂񂵁AeXĝ߂ɗpł邷
ẴXLi[̃fĂ킯ł܂BLinux ł̃XL
i[T|[gɂĎł邱Ƃ́A̐lɂ鐳mȏ𐷂
݁AȌŁił΁j킩₷ HOWTO 쐬邽߂ɁAǧ
ꂽo܂Ƃ߂邱Ƃ炢łB

 

1.6. ̋̕LqŎg񑩎

 ɎƂ́A̕Ŏg񑩎łBLinux Œʏ bash VF
gĂāAIy[eBOVXeɃANZX삷@܂S
ɗĂȂȂɌĉĂ܂B

 ܂ɁAt@C͕ŁF/path/filê悤ɎĂ܂B

 Linux ŃR}h̓R}hvvgŎsi܂uĂтvj
܂BfR}hCfƂ܂BOtBJieLX
gx[XjŎgpĂȂAʏAḧ:

$                                                                      

邢́Aroot ŃOCĂ邩A邢 root ɂȂ̂v
邩A邢́AfX[p[[UfȂAnbV}[N:

#                                                                      

g bash VFvvgĂ܂BX Ƃ X11 Ƃ܂
AX window VXexterm <http://invisible-island.net/xterm/> 
 X ^[~iG~[^ŁA bash VFɂANZXł܂B
bash vvgŎsׂR}hƂ̂́A̕ŎgĂ
Aʏ펟̂悤ȂƂł: do this nowi܁AsjB

 R}hR}h̎sʂ̏o͕͂́A邢͍ڂŃXN[o
ł܂:

 

$ date                                                                 
Sun Jul 27 22:37:11 CDT 2003                                           

 R}h bash vvgiƂ΁AL̂悤$ date ƏƁj
̐擪ɏA[^[]邢[G^[] L[R}hɑĉ
ƁAo͂ɑł傤iƂ΁AtȂǁjB

 

2. C^[tF[X̃^Cv

 ̕ňĂ闘p\ȃXLi[C^[tF[Xɂ́ASCSIA
USBAp|[g IEEE 1394̂ɂS̃^Cv܂B Linux
T|[ǵAقƂǂ̃XLi[ɂSANE <http://
www.sane-project.org/> vWFNgŊJĂ܂BSANE TWAIN
<http://www.twain.org/index.html>Ɠ̂ł͂܂BApple
MacintoshTM  Microsoft WindowsTM ̂悤ȕʂ̃Iy[eBOVXe
ŃXLi[foCXgĂȂ TWAIN <http://www.twain.org/
index.html> ܂B҂̃vgŔAhCo⃆[
UC^[tF[XƂɂȂĂĐp̊ȊOŎgƂ͂ł
܂BāA SANE  Scanner Access Now Easy ́A Linuxi
̂Ɍ܂񂪁j܂ Un*x ̊Ŏg悤ɑz肳Ă܂BSANE
ł́Ag̃foCXŃR}hCŃXLł܂ASANE o
bNGhŎg߂ɂg̃tgGhAvP[Vݒł
܂Albg[NzɃXLi[ނɃANZXłA܂AJ₻
̑video4linux <http://www.thedirks.org/v4l2/> ̃foCXɂANZX
ł܂B

 ӁFɐǂޑOɁAg̃XLi[foCXT|[gĂ
邩ǂ́ASANE ̃z[y[Whttp://www.sane-project.org/
sane-mfgs.html 𒲂ׂ̂悢ł傤Bsane supported scanners search
engine <http://www.sane-project.org/cgi-bin/driver.pl> pł܂B

 foCXAƂ΃XLi[Av^[āi܂́jt@bNX
ƂĂ̋@\ЂƂɂȂ̂ĂāAW̃XLi[ƂēK
؂ȃC^[tF[XgXLi[@\ɊւẮAL̃Xebvɏ]
ĂBHP officejet̏ꍇ́ALinux œfoCX̂܂
ȋ@\ǂ̂悤ɎgɂĂ̏ڍׂ the HP Officejet Linux Driver
project site, <http://hpoj.sourceforge.net/>𒲂ׂ̂悢ł傤B

 

2.1. SCSI XLi[

 ̃XLi[ SCSI Rg[ŊǗĂ܂BʂɁASCSI
n[hEFAz肵ē SCSI C^[tF[XgXLi[͂ǂ
T|[gĂ܂BSCSI Rg[T|[gĂ邩ǂm
MĂȂȂASCSI controller list of the Hardware HOWTO <http://
tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/scsi.html>𒲂ׂĂBg SCSI
Rg[XLi[ɃohĂ̂ȂAn[hEFAT
|[gĂȂꕔT|[gĂȂ܂̂ŁAt
 SCSI J[h̏ꍇ́AƂ SCSI Rg[Ɠ悤ɂ͓
Ȃ܂B

 g SCSI XLi[炩̓_Őݒ肪ȂA man sane-scsi
ŒׂĂB

 

2.2. USB XLi[

USB RlN^ǂȂ̂ŁAǂɂȂ邩͂łɂł傤B
USB XLi[ĂȂAg̃n[hEFA Linux ŃT|[g
Ă錩݂܂B USB TuVXe USB XLi[gp
\ɂSection 2.5ĂB

 

2.3. p|[gXLi[

 p|[gC^[tF[XŃXLi[gȂASection 2 
T|[gĂfoCX̃N𒲂ׂApage on the subject,
by Jonathan Buzzard <http://www.buzzard.org.uk/jonathan/scanners.html>
̃y[Wق悢ł傤B̕Ă鎞_ŁAO҂̃y
[W͍XV͂Ă܂łBTăp|[gXLi[͂
T|[gobNGhΓ܂Ag̃foCX
USB |[giŋ߃[XꂽVXLi[̂قƂǂȂĂ
܂jĂAUSB obNGh𓮂ȂAɎg
悤߂܂Bg̃fp|[gC^[tF[X
ȂApŔW̃Rg[ȂA܂Ȃ
B

 

2.4. IEEE 1394 (FirewireTM, i.LinkTM)

 IEEE 1394 XLi[͂̕Ă鎞_ŃT|[gĂ
܂B Nikon  Epson ̐iłBIEEE 1394 C^[tF[
X Linux ̃J[l 2.4 nȍ~T|[gĂ܂Bg̃J[l
 IEEE 1394 T|[gĂȂASection 2 ŐƎ҂̃N
SANE T|[gfoCX𒲂ׂق悢ł傤B܂Aǧ
L̃n[hEFAɊ֌W鉽炩̖ɂẮAn[hEFAi
΁jɂ manpage ǂ񂾂ق悢ł傤B

 

2.5. Iy[eBOVXeT|[g

 USB XLi[ĂȂȂASection 2.7 ΂ĂB
Ăg̑up|[ĝ̂ȂASection 2.8 ɔł
B

 

2.6. USB XLi[ Libusb

 ͈̍ȑO"USB XLi[J[lT|[g"Ƃ^CgłA
libusb <http://libusb.sourceforge.net/>̓oŁA USB XLi[gp
\ɂJ[l̕KvȂȂĂ܂B̂悤ȑΉ󋵂̈Ⴂ
Ă̏ڂ́A man sane-usb 𒲂ׂĂBg USB XL
i[ɂď]ʂ̃J[lT|[ĝق悢ȂASection 2.7.2
ĂB̓_ɂĂقƂǂ̃fBXgr[V́A
ŁiăftHgŃCXg[̂܂jŁAlibusb 
iftHgŃCXg[̂܂jĂ܂Ał
USB XLi[foCXT|[gJ[lgĂȂȂAg
̃foCXɃANZX邽߂ libusb pbP[WCXg[΂
܂BقƂǂ̃fBXgr[Vł͂ȂĂ
܂AJ[l USB foCXt@CVXeT|[gLɂĂ
΂܂BmF邽߂ɁAR}hCŎ̃R}hs
܂B

 

$ cat /proc/filesystems                                                

 ̂悤Ȃ̂\͂łi\̂͂ȊOɂ
܂j:

nodev   usbdevfs                                                       
nodev   usbfs                                                          

  usbdevfs }Eggp\ɂāAfoCXt@CȂƂ
܂BR}hCŎ̂悤ɍs܂B mount -t
usbdevfs none /proc/bus/usb kernelXLi[T|[gg݂A邢
̓W[[h邩̂ǂ炩Ŏgp\ɂȂ܂ŁA libusb g
Ă͂܂BɂЂƂg܂B

 g Linux fBXgr[V .rpmA .tgz ܂ .deb 
libusb ̃pbP[Wł܂B libusb T|[ĝ\[X
 SANE oCiRpCȂA libusb-dev pbP[W
lɓ肵Ă܂B

 

2.7. g̃XLi[foCX Linux J[lT|[g

 J[lT|[g SCSIAUSB ƃp|[gʂ̃C^[tF[XT
|[gAUSB XLi[T|[gilibusb gȂȂjɂȂ܂B
ɎgĂJ[lKvȂ̂T|[gĂȂA dmesgR}h
gāANɃ[hꂽhCo̔F󋵂𒲂ׂ邱ƂłB
ȂꍇAhCo̓W[iKvȂƃ[hȂjƂđ
݂邩܂BR}hCŎ̂悤ɓ͂ĒTĂ:

 

 $  ls -R /lib/modules/X.XX/kernel/drivers                             

'X.XX' ɂ͂g̃J[lo[W̐܂B̏o͂ USB
XLi[gp\ɂȂĂłiɎׂ̂Ăł͂
A֘AsZҏWĂ܂j:

 

./usb:                                                                 
scanner.o                                                              
usbcore.o                                                              

 iS҂ւ̃qgFdmesg ⃂W[Xg̕\Č
ȂA'less' i less ȂȂ 'more'jŏo͂pCvĂ݂܂傤
B ls -R /lib/modules/X.XX/kernel/drivers | less 邢́Â悤ɂ
āAt@Cɏ܂B ls -R /lib/modules/X.XX/kernel/drivers >
file.txt 'file.txt' ɂ́A񂪏܂A cat [file] | less
ŁAt@CɃANZXł܂B)

 ̏́AXLi[C^[tF[X̃^CvɂĕׂĂ
Bg̃J[lɕKvȃT|[g܂܂ĂȂȂAJ[l̍
\z܂傤BJ[l̍č\zɕsȂAڍׂɂĂ Kernel
HOWTO <http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html> ̎wɏ]܂
B

 

2.7.1. J[l SCSI T|[g

 SCSI ^CṽC^[tF[XȂAmake configA make menuconfig邢
́Amake xconfig ȂǂsƂAǧŗL SCSI A_v^T|[g
IvVǉ̂mĂĂBgeneric SCSI device
support ܂KvɂȂ܂BʓIȃfoCXƂ̂ /dev/sg0, /dev
/sg1 ɂȂ܂Bg̃J[hT|[gĂ邩ǂ supported
SCSI controllers list <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/scsi.html>
ǂ߂ΑOĕ̂ŁA炷ׂĂ̓J[lg̃n[hEF
AT|[gĂ邱ƂmFɂKv܂Bgeneric SCSI
device ́AK؂ȃW[[h邽߂̂̂łB

# modprobe CARD_MODULE_NAME                                            

# modprobe sg                                                          

......root ŁBXLi[ANZXɖN ide-scsi emulation
support i ATAPI-eide CDRW supportgꍇj̕񍐂܂Bg
̃n[hEFAT|[gĂ̂Ă̂ɁAide-scsi
module A[hoȂƂ܂B:

rmmod                                                                  
ide-scsi                                                               

i̖肪ŐṼJ[lŏCςǂḿ̕AɘAĂ
Bj

 

2.7.2. J[l USB  USB XLi[T|[g

 USB ̃XLi[T|[gɂ́AJ[l USB TuVXeT|[
gƁAusb-ohci  usb-ehci ͂g̃VXeɂ USB
hCôꂩKvɂȂ܂BUSB TuVXe̓J[l 2.2 ȍ~
 Linux ̃J[lɑ݂Ă܂BʓI USB T|[gɂ
̂ڂc_́Alinux-usb project site <http://www.linux-usb.org/>
ĂBg̃XLi[ɃANZX邽߃J[lilibusb
̑ɁASection 2.6 ɉ܂jɃANZX邽߃J[lg
ȂA'USB scanner support' gp\ɂȂƂ܂Błɑ
邩ǂ́A dmesg邢lsmod ŊmF邩AW[[h
Ă邩ǂ𒲂ׂ̂́AR}hCA xterm Ŏ̂悤ɂ
B

 

# lsmod                                                                

̍s̃vvgLŎ悤ɁA̍Ƃ root łȂ
Ƃ܂B̂悤ȏóiꂾƂ킯ł͂܂񂪁jɂ
ł傤B:

cdrom                  29312   0  (autoclean) [sr_mod]                 
usb-ohci               17888   0  (unused)                             
usbcore                56768   0  [scanner ibmcam usbvideo usb-ohci]   
scanner                 8704   0                                       

 scanner [hĂ炸AJ[lŃW[Ƃ USB scanner
support ̂ĂȂAڃ[hĂB:

# modprobe -v scanner                                                  

...Ɏ̂ɎĂ鍀ڂ͂łB:

Using /lib/modules/2.4.20/kernel/drivers/usb/scanner.o                 

/etc/modulesifBXgr[Vɂăt@C͂܂܂ł
ƂɒӁjscanner ƂڂƂŁANɎIɃW[
[hł܂BɁA syslog 邢 dmesg | lessŋN̋L^
𒲂ׂăW[[hꂽ̂mFł܂B̂悤ȍs
łB

May 16 23:17:25 K7 kernel: usb.c: registered new driver usbscanner     
May 16 23:17:25 K7 kernel: scanner.c: 0.4.6:USB Scanner Driver         

 

2.8. p|[gXLi[

 ܂ł̐ŁAp|[gXLi[͖肪邩Ȃ̂
܂񂪁Ax܂Bg̃foCXp|
[gC^[tF[X USB C^tF[X̗ȂAȒPɐ
肷邽߂ USB I悤ɍlق悢ł傤B

 

2.8.1. J[l Parport T|[g

 2.2  2.4 J[lVXeł́Ap|[gT|[g͑gݍ݁A
邢̓W[iłɂg̃J[l͒ʏftHgŎgp\ł
jŎgp\ɂȂ΂܂B̍Ƃn߂Omore generic
info about parallel-port device support under the Linux kernel <http://
www.torque.net/linux-pp.html>ǂ񂾂ق悢܂BW[
parport[hĂ邩ǂ́Admesg𒲂ׂ邩Aɐ
 lsmod gĒׂ邱Ƃł܂B dmesg | lessŁÂ悤ȍs
ȋɂs͂܂jȂƂ܂B

Mar  3 08:00:25 K7 kernel: parport0: PC-style at 0x378 (0x778) [PCSPP,TRISTATE] 
Mar  3 08:00:25 K7 kernel: parport0: irq 7 detected                             

 ŃJ[lRpCȂA'Parallel Port support'gp\
ɂ܂B'IEEE 1284 transfer modes,'gp\ɂAāAx86 ^Cv
A[LeN`gȂA 'PC-style hardware' gp\ɂȂ
܂B

 W[[h悤ƂG[oȂA modprobes
ƂɃn[hEFAAhX߂ė^Kv邩܂Bʏ
̃AhX x86 VXeł 0x378 łBꂽ̂ ISA ̃p
|[g̏ꍇ 0x278  0x3BC ̉\܂BAdd-in PCI parallel
ports ͈x[XAhXĂ܂BЂƂ parport_pc ܂
parport_arc W[̂ǂ炩ɕ̃foCXzu邱Ƃł
A͈͂̔͂̕𒴂Ă܂Bx: R}hCł̏
͂OɐAhXgĂ邩mFĂBȂ
ƂȂ̃}VsɂȂȀႵ邩܂B

 p|[g "EPP"[hA邢 ECP/EPP ̂ǂ炩ɐݒ肳
Ȃ΂܂B"Bidirectionalioj " i"BPP" 邢 "PS/
2")ƂĂmĂ܂jł܂B
"Unidirectionalij"[h̓XLjOɂ͕sK؂łBL
͏ȂƂ x86 VXeł́Aʏ BIOS j[ʂăANZXł
܂B

 p|[gXLi[ SCSI T|[gKvƂ邩ǂɂ܂
Aparport-SCSI support ɂ́Ag̃J[lɃpb`邩
Bwww.torque.net/parport/ppscsi.html <http://www.torque.net/parport
/ppscsi.html> Ńc[ꎮ܂BꂪKvȂA̍ڂL
Kv܂B

 

 E   SCSI support
   
 E   SCSI generic support
   
 E  g ppSCSI Rg[̃RAW[ɊւT|[gi
    APA-348 ɑ΂Ă t348A APA-358  T358 ɂ t358AÂ
    Shuttle EPSA-2 ɂ epsa2AShuttle EPST  APA-1350 ɂ epstA
    OnSpec 90c26 ɂ onscsiASparCSI  ParaSCSI ɂ sparcsijB
   
 x炪RpCƁAK؂ȃW[[ĥ͊ȒP
B

 

3. XLi[foCX쐬ANZX

 ׂ̍͂Ẵn[hEFÃ^CvɓKp܂BXLi[C^[
tF[X^Cvɂē̂̂ɂẮA̍̍Ō̂Ƃ
qׂĂ܂B

 

3.1. foCXt@CVXe

 Devfs <http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html> ܂
'device filesystem' ́A2.2 nȍ~ Linux J[lŃIvVɂȂĂ
܂B̎_ŎgĂȂ̂ȂŐVłɂ悤߂܂
B肵ĂAfoCXm[h̐ɓImɃAv[`܂AfoC
XǗƂĂȒPɂ܂BfoCXt@CVXef[ł
devfsd ́A[U͂KvƂȂŁAڂɂg̃VXeŃfoCX
𐶐A폜܂BVXe devfsd ĂȂAR}hC
 xterm  ls -f /dev/ sƁA /dev ̃TufBNgŁA
_IɒKw\̂ȂɃfoCXt@Cւ̂قƂǂ̃V{
bNNA܂ "m[h" ܂BR}hC ps -A ŉғ
ĂvO𒲂ׂƁAdevfsd Ă̂邱Ƃł܂B
f[͂ƂĂȃgĂ܂B devfsd/devfs 𓮂Ă
ȂAfoCXm[h쐬ŏ̉ߒ͂łɂȂĂł傤
A/dev œK؂ȃV{bNNIԂƂŃfoCXo
͊ȒPłA̍XLbvł܂B

 devfs ƂĂȂAJ[l̃RtBO[V̍ 't
@CVXe'̂ƂŁA'/dev file system'  'Automatically mount
at boot' gp\ɂȂ΂܂BłɂȂĂȂȂ
΂ɃJ[l̍č\zȂ΂܂BxF̑̃T|[g
pbP[W 'devfsd'KvƂ܂Ag̃fBXgr
[Ṽx_[ł܂BxF devfs f[CXg[
ĂȂ̂ɋNɎIɃ}Eg悤 devicefs \ɂ
ƁANs\ɂȂĂ܂ł傤B

 devfs ̓[UɂăANZX邽߂ɃfoCX̋ύXK
v܂B

 Adevfs ɂĂ̏L̉́AilȂł́j̈ӌ
AƂ킯ȂS҂邢̓J[lRpC鏀ł
ĂȂȂALqʂɂق悢ł傤B

 

3.2. foCXނ蓮ō쐬

 devfs  devfsd ғĂȂꍇɁAKvȂ܂BUSB
XLi[ libusb gȂȂA̍XLbvSection 4ɔ
łB蓮ŕKvȃfoCXނ쐬ɂ͂ӂ̕@܂
BЂƂ MAKEDEV gƂŁAЂƂ̓R}hCŃfoCXm
[h쐬邱ƂłB

 MAKEDEV XNvg͂ӂ̕@̂̂ȒPȕŁA/devA邢
s\̃oCi[uꏊł(/binA/sbin Ȃ)ɒuĂ邩
܂Bman MAKEDEV ŒׂĂAfoCXɓIȃR}h
IvVɒӂ邱ƂxĂ܂AłȂ̓W[
ƃ}Ci[̔ԍǂmFł܂BiɂĂ̏ڍׂ
ĂAȂꂪdvȂƂ킩ł傤BƂ킯
MAKEDEV ȂƂAJĂق悢ȂjB

 foCX̓ubNihCû悤ȁjAfifo ( xconsole ł̃t@C
̓͏o͖@邢̓pCv)邢̓LN^[foCXƂč쐬łA
ʂ̃n[hEFAӖ܂Bꂼ̃foCX͂ꂪł邩A
ĂǂɃANZX邩J[lɓ`邽߂ɃW[ƃ}Ci[ԍ
Ă܂B̔ԍ͔Cӂł͂܂B

 

3.2.1. SCSI foCX

 2.4ñJ[lgĂȂASCSI proc interface access <http://
tldp.org/HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/mlproc.html>mĂق悢ł
傤Bǂ̃J[lgĂĂAǂޑOman sane-scsi 
ǂ񂾂ق悢ł傤BVXeNƂAʓI SCSI foC
Xނ /dev/sgN Ƀ}bv܂BN ́A[n܂鐔lłBSCSIf
oCXɑ΂郁W[ƃ}Ci[̔ԍ 21 Ƃꂼ0,1,2,3... ɂȂ
܂BfoCXłɃ[hĂ邩́A ls -l /dev/sg* Œׂ邱
ƂłÂ悤ȏo͂ɂȂ͂łB:

crw-------   1 root   sys     21,  0 Jan 06  2003 /dev/sg0             
crw-------   1 root   sys     21,  0 Jan 06  2003 /dev/sg1             
crw-------   1 root   sys     21,  0 Jan 06  2003 /dev/sg2             
crw-------   1 root   sys     21,  0 Jan 06  2003 /dev/sg3             
crw-------   1 root   sys     21,  0 Jan 06  2003 /dev/sg4             
crw-------   1 root   sys     21,  0 Jan 06  2003 /dev/sg5             

 ݂foCXɁi/dev/scanner ƂV{bNNȂ
܂iR͂̂قǖ炩ɂ܂jBƂ΁Ag̃XLi
[ SCSI zXgfoCX̍ŏ scsi-bus ( lun  target)ɐڑ
ĂȂÂ悤Ɋ֘AfoCXɃNȂ΂܂F

#  ln -s /dev/sg0 /dev/scanner                                         

 

3.2.2. 蓮 USB foCXނ

 JԂ܂Alibusb gĂȂA̍΂ĂBUSB
XLi[foCX̓W[ԍ 180 ƃ}Ci[ 48A49  63 ܂ł
Ă܂Bŏɂg̃fBXgr[V̂ǂ̃fBNg
USB fBNgfoCXuĂ邩𒲂ׂ邽߂ /dev ܂B/
dev/usb ƂfBNĝȂusbscanner0, usbscanner1... ̂悤
Oő݂邩܂񂵁A邢 /dev/fBNĝȂ
usbscanner0, usbscanner1...Ƃ悤ȖOő݂邩܂B /
dev/fBNĝȂɃXLi[foCXłɂȂAd͏I
Ă܂BȂȂAōȂƂ܂Broot ɂȂĎ
悤ɂăXLi[ɑ΂LN^[foCX쐬܂B:

# mknod /dev/usbscanner0 c 180 48                                      

...邢͂g̃fBXgr[Vł́A '/dev/usb'ƂTuf
BNg܂B :

# mknod /dev/usb/scanner0 c 180 48                                     

 

3.2.3. 蓮Ńp|[gfoCX쐬

  generic parport foCX쐬邽߂ɁALŐ
܂B:

crw-------    1 root     root      99,   0 Jun 24 13:47 parport0       
crw-------    1 root     root      99,   1 Jun 24 13:47 parport1       
crw-------    1 root     root      99,   2 Jun 24 13:47 parport2       
crw-------    1 root     root      99,   3 Jun 24 13:47 parport3       
crw-r-----    1 root     root       1,   4 Jan  1  1970 port           

 gɂȂ\̃obNGhɂāA/dev/port Ɓi܂́j/dev/
parport ȂƂȂ܂̂ŁAAvP[V
KvƂȂAÕXebvɖ߂ėpӂĂB

 

3.3. O[vƋ

 񂷂ׂẴW[[hAm[hꂽAȂ
[UAJEgfoCXɃANZXł邩m߂̂͂悢Ƃł
BقƂǂ̃ZLeBɂĂ̍lł́AŗL̃O[vɃXLi
[ANZXǉƂ悤ɂ܂B̃VXeł́A'video' Ƃ
O[ṽo[ɃXLi[Ƃ̑摜foCX̎gpĂ
܂B̂悤ɂ@́iroot Łj /devŃfoCX̏L҂ύX
ƂłB:

# chown root.video /dev/usb/scanner*                                   

...root.video̓foCXV鏊L҂ƃO[vłB܂ł
Ȃ̓IȃR}hŁASCSI XLi[ /dev/sg*ɂȂ邩ǂȂǂ
g̃VXeƃfoCX̃^CvɂĈĂ܂BV{bN
NłȂfoCXm[hꎩ̂̏L҂ύX̂͏dvȂƂłB;
V{bNN̏L҂͐efoCX邢́A炪t@C
ύX邾ŕς܂B

 Ȃ̃[UAJEgO[ṽo[ł邩ǂ𒲂ׂɂ
A root ɂȂ莟̂悤ȃR}hgĂB: grep -e video /etc/
groupBɎ悤Ȃ̂\͂łB

video:x:44:                                                            

 '44' O[vio[łB'video'O[v̍Ō̃Rɑo
[Ȃ̂ŉ邱Ƃł܂AR}h 'jhs' Ƃ[U
܂傤B

# adduser jhs  video                                                   

̂ƂŁAfoCX̌Ń[Uɓǂݏ̂͊ȒPłB

# chmod g+rw /dev/usb/scanner0                                         

... g+rw Ƃ̂́A groupiO[vjɑ΂āAread iǂ݁j write
ijANZXƂӖłB chmod ̃}jAĂ
iƏڂman chmod ܂ info chmod)B

 

4. SANE

 XLi[ANZX̂߂ɍŏIIɕKvȂ̂́ASANE obNGhi
jƁACӂłK؂ SANE ̃tgGhłBO҂͂g̃XL
i[ɂȂhCo low-level̃ANZXc[ŁA҂ X ŃXL
i[ɃANZXĎgOtBJAvP[VłBO҂̓XLi
[ɃANZX邽߂ɕKvȂłAtgGh͉摜𑀍삷
߂ɐ̂ŁA摜vgȂĂʂɕ\ꂽ
ۂɃC[W邱Ƃł܂B

 

4.1. SANE 肷

 SANE ̃obNGhꎮ͎̂Ƃœł܂ :  http://
www.sane-project.org/source.html <http://www.sane-project.org/
source.html>AŃ\[XR[hƓlɂقƂǂׂĂ Linux fBXg
r[ṼoCi[ł܂B\[XRpC
Ȃ炷łɉȂ΂Ȃ͂ł傤ASoftware
Building HOWTO <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html>̃
N͒ǉXVꍇɗpł܂BɁAł SANE CXg
[Ă܂ĂȂAVRpCłɂ邽߂ɌÂ̂
菜܂񂵁ARpC邽߂ɍŐV̈ł~
܂B

 oCi[CXg[ȂA֘At@C_E[hق
悢ł傤AꂩʏʂɃCXg[܂BƂ rpm ^C
ṽfBXgr[Vł͎̂悤ɍs܂:

# rpm -iVh sane-backends-VERSION.rpm                                   

Debian [Uɂ͈(Woody)AeXg(Sarge)SANE pbP[W
AJ(Sid)pbP[WAgɂȂ肽łǂł apt-get
install saneƂȒPȃR}hœł܂B

 \[X SANE ̍ŐVłRpCȂftp.mostang.com/pub/sane
<ftp://ftp.mostang.com/pub/sane/> ł܂B\[X SANE 
RpCA[ SCSI XLi[𓮂@ɂāA
Laurent-jan's HOWTO page originally written by Steve Sheriff <http://
www.xs4all.nl/~ljm/SANE/howto.html> ɁAƏڂiߊϓIł͂
܂jL܂iOtBbN܂jB

 

4.2. SANE ݒ肷

4.2.1. SANE ̃obNGh

 fBXgr[ṼItBV SANE 肵̂łASANE z
[[y[WoCi肵̂łA\[X玩 SANE R
pĈłAɂ SANE  scanimage 邢͑tg
GhĂяoƂɁAg̃n[hEFAg߂ɓK؂ȃobNG
h͂łBscanimage -L 邢́AȂI񂾃tgG
hs悤ƂāAfoCXȂȂAڂSection
7ĂB

 

4.2.2. lbg[Nʂėp

 [g}Vlbg[NʂăXLi[T[rXg悤
ȂA server ̃fBNgɂ saned.conf(the computer with
the scanner)A܂ /etc/sane.dA邢́A /usr/local/etc/sane.dƂ
t@CҏWȂ΂܂BʏA
'scan-client.somedomain.firm' o^ĐAT[o[̃XLi[
ĎgȂANCAg̃zXgŒuȂ΂܂B
IP AhX悢ȂAzXĝɎg܂B

 saned f[̓T[o[ inetd 邢 xined Ɠ悤ɉғ
΂܂Binetd.conf 邢 xined.conf łȂĂ͂Ȃ
ύXeɂẮAman sanedĂBɁA|[g6566
/etc/servicest@CɉȂ΂܂:

sane 6566/tcp                                                          

 iXLi[ڑĂȂjNCAgRs[^̓T[o[̃}V
AƂ΁A'scan-server.somedomain.firm.'悤net.conf 
ҏWȂ΂܂B

 NCAgȉꍇjɊւāA"net"̓o^ dll.conft@C
ȂŃRgAEgɂȂĂȂ̂mF܂傤B

 

4.2.3. Video4linux foCX SANE g

 Video4linux  webcamsAX`[JArfILv`[foCX
Ă܂BSANE ͂ɃANZX\łBg悤ɂɂ
Aݒt@CfBNg (/etc/sane.d ܂ /usr/local/etc/
sane.d)ɁA v4l.confƂÕt@Cu܂B̃t@CJ
Â悤ȓeɎ̂܂B

# v4linux obNGhg߂ɁAfoCX^Ȃ΂܂B 
# KvȂ畡sgp\ɂł܂B                                 
# ۂɕ[sic] v4l foCX܂B                           
/dev/bttv0                                                             
/dev/video0                                                            
/dev/video1                                                            
/dev/video2                                                            
/dev/video3                                                            

 ̃t@C̍ŏ̍śAmĂȂ΂ȂׂĂ̂Ƃ
܂̂ŁAXLi[n[hEFAeXgĂ鍀ŕƂ
voĂBg̃J[lARg͂ꂽiƂ
q̂悤ɍsɂ # OjJ邢 v4l foCX̃fo
CXF܂BɁA'v4l' ɂĂ̍s dll.conft@CŃR
gAEgɂȂĂȂm߂ĂB

 

5. XLi[eXg

 ŏqׂƂSłȂAXLi[eXg鏀
܂B̍ł́AXLi[ɂ͓dAK؂ȃC^[tF[X
ʂĂȂĂƉ肵Ă܂BSCSI 邢 USB XLi[Ȃ
AR}hCŎ̂悤ȃR}hsł܂B:

$ sane-find-scanner                                                    

...\ȃfoCX̃Xg炨g̃XLi[mFł͂
łBXLi[sane-find-scanner ŌȂ^Cv̂̂ȂA
ꂽfoCXɂĂ̏ڍׂ킩邩Ȃscanimage
--list-devicesƂł܂BiӂƂȂƂ
܂jB sane-find-scanner ͕ʂ̃[eBeBŁA
SANE ̂ƂŃT|[gۏ؂Ă܂񂩂AXLi[łƗv
foCX邾łB

 ɃXLi[̃C[Wl͂eXgق悢ł傤BSection
6ɃXgꂽtgGĥЂƂÂ悤ȃR}ĥǂ炩
g܂B:

$ scanimage -d backend:/dev/scanner --format pnm > outfile.pnm         

 Ƃ΂̂悤 Epson ̃obNGhgȂAR}ĥ͎悤
ɂȂ܂:

$ scanimage -d epson:/dev/scanner --format pnm > outfile.pnm           

 ȏ̃XLi[gpIȂA -d IvV
g΂悢łBƂ΁A Epson  Mustek ̃XLi[gĂ
ȂA"-d epson" 邢́A"-d mustek" gȂƂ܂Bo
bNGhŃT|[gꂽPȏ̃XLi[ĂȂ犮Sȃp
XKvɂȂ邾łB /dev/scanner ́Aݒ肵i邢 v4l foC
X̏ꍇ́A/dev/video0jǂȃXLi[foCXɂu͂ł
B--format XCb` pnm ܂ tiff ̂ǂ炩ɂ邱Ƃł܂
AύXȂ΁Apnm ftHgɂȂ܂BɂłAp
łIvVɂẮA man scanimageĂB 'portable
anymap'ɑ΂ '.pnm' tH[}bg Linux ł̉摜t@CƂĂ͕
ʂ̃C[WtH[}bgŁAImagemagick <http://www.imagemagick.org/>
܂ netpbm <http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/>ő̃C[WtH[}b
gɕϊł܂B

 

6. SANE ̃tgGh

 āAn[hEFAƂ킩܂AX11 ŁAXLi[fo
CXg\ȂAԂKȃtgGhKvɂȂ܂B X11 
XL̂ɂ͂ƂĂ悢̂łBlIɍDȂ̂
Axsane <http://www.xsane.org> ŁA͂܂܂ŌǂȏpiƂ
炢GKgŋ@\IłB͓I GTK+ x[X GUI gĂ
āA܂܂ȃtH[}bgŃC[WۑłAv^ɃC[W
AGIMP <http://www.gimp.org>ɊȒPɂȂ܂BtJ[ŃANZ
XAg̃n[hEFÂ̑̉\ȒPɈo܂B

 GIMP ́AGNU Image Manipulation Program Ƃ܂AC[WҏW
A邢́APhotoshopTM̂悤ȃAvP[ṼXL@\
ȂƂĂ߂̂ЂƂʂ̃vOłBxsane W
[g̃fBXgr[VɈˑĂʂ̃pbP[WƂ
pł邩܂BGIMP NA'File it@Cj'N
bNAꂩXLi[ɃANZX邽߂ɁA' Xsane:device
dialog''Acquirei擾j'I܂B

 ɕʂ̍@\̂߂̃tgGhKDE desktop environment
<http://www.kde.org/>Kooka <http://www.kde.org/apps/kooka/>łB
KDE AvP[VƊȒPɓ钼IȃC^[tF[XĂ
A傫ȃC[WRNVƂĂȒPɊǗł܂B

 Xscanimage ̓XLi[C[W𓾂邽߂ X11 ł̂ԂP
i\ptłjXLi[AvP[VłBfBXgr
[Vɂ SANE obNGhɃohĂ邩܂
AtĂȂ܂BƏڂƂman xscanimage
ĂB

 the SANE frontends page <http://www.sane-project.org/
sane-frontends.html> ŁASANE tgGĥƊȃXg
Ƃł܂B

 

7. guW

7.1. ̃XLi[ scanimage ł xsane ł邱Ƃł܂
I

 ܂ŏɁA߂Ă͂܂B܂łƂׂĂ̂Ƃ
ƂmMȂAׂĂ̐W[[hAׂ
̐ݒt@CʂɒAg̃n[hEFAT|[g
邱ƂĂȂA𒲂ׂĂBXLi[n[h
EFAɃANZX邽߂ɓǂ݂Ə̋ĂȂ΂܂
BڂƂSection 3.3ĂBꂪȂȂA/etc/
sane.d/i邢 /usr/local/etc/sane.djɍsA dll.confƂt@C
ŁAobNGhRgAEg邩AKv̂Ȃ̑̃vg
RiƂ v4l)RgAEg܂B

 L̂ƂĂ܂ȂȂASANE ̐ݒt@CfB
NgŁAǧʂ̃XLi[ɑ΂obNGȟɂ̃X
Li[̖Ot@CJĂB̃t@ĈȂɃC
^[tF[X^Cviscsi  usb)AăfoCX̂ӂ̏dvȓo
^܂iȊÔ̂ł܂jFusb XLi[g
ȂAʏA'scsi'si̐擪ɂ # }[NjRgAEgA'
usb.' ܂ލsARgɂȂ΂܂BɁAg̃f
BXgr[Vɍ킹āiƂ΁A /dev/usbscanner0 ́A /dev/
usb/usbscanner0ɂȂ邩܂jfoCXύXȂ΂܂
BCÂ̂悤ɁAfɍ킹Ẵt@ĈȂłg̃XL
i[𗘗pł邻̑̃IvV邩܂̂ŁA
g̃XLi[ژ_ݒʂɓȂȂÃt@C𒲂ׂق
悢ł傤Bǂɂ̃f̂߂̕tĂ邩
Bman sane-scsi܂ sane-usb A邢͂g̃XLi[̂ǂꂩ
̐Ǝ҂̂̂Ăisane-plustekA sane-qcamA sane-ricohA
sane-sharpA sane-snapscanA sane-umaxȂǁjBXĝׂĂɂāA 
apropos saneĂBp\ȐmȃvgRƐƎ҂͂
g SANE Ɉˑ邩܂B

 L̂ƂׂĂ߂ȂASection 7.5ĂBɉɒ
킷CȂAĂ鎞_ł͂܂Ă܂񂪁A
sane-troubleshoot Homepage <http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/sts/>
ׂق悢ł傤B

 

7.2. USB n[hEFAĂ邩܂I

 usbdevfs  /proc t@CVXeT|[gƉ肵āÃR}
hsĂ: cat /proc/bus/usb/devicesB USB oX̏ԂƐڑ
foCXāAn[hEFA̒ʂo͂͂łBXLi
[T|[gĂāAg̃n[hEFAFłȂA肪
ɂ邩킩ł傤B

 

7.3. g scanimage ܂̓tgGhsȃfoCXɂȂ
I

 ܂ŏɁAȂ̐ݒt@Cʏ̏ꏊF /etc/sane.d ܂ /usr
/local/etc/sane.d ɒu܂BʂɁAfBXgr[V炠炩
߃RpCꂽpbP[WA邢 SANE ̃z[y[WoCi
肵ȂA/etc ɒu܂AA\[XRpCȂ
Aݒt@C/usr/local/etc/sane.d ɒu܂Bp̃fBNg
ɓ܂icdjB Section 2 ŁASANE list of supported and
not-yet-supported <http://www.mostang.com/sane/sane-mfgs.html>n[hE
FAɂĐG܂BłȂ"obNGh" ܂̓T|[g
ꂼ̃fɑ΂ SANE hCoXgX̐
҂̕\̂Ȃ猩ł傤B /etc/sane.d ܂ /usr/local/
etc/sane.d ̂ȂŁAꂼ̃obNGhɑ΂Ď悤ȖÕt@
C܂BȂ dll.conf ƂÕt@CI͂
BꂪЂƂ̃obNGhvgRXgĂ܂Bg
̃XLi[̃obNGhRgAEgĂȂǂ𒲂ׂ
iȂ킿A̍sɃnbV}[N邩ǂjBȂ
ĂȂAiroot ŁAĂȂ̃GfB^vOgāj'#.'
OȂƂȂł傤Bł܂ȂȂASection 7.5
ĂB

 

7.4. p|[gXLi[ root łANZXł܂I

 XLi[ɑ΂ SANE hCo̓p|[gi/dev/portoR
jɒڃANZX܂B̓ZLeB̗R root ł܂
B̖ɂǂ̂悤ɑΏ邩ɂĂ̐Ă Till Kamppeter
this mini-HOWTO <http://www.linuxprinting.org/download/digitalimage/
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9. Gnu Free Documentation License

 Version 1.2, November 2002

 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple
Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to
copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but
changing it is not allowed.

 0. PREAMBLE

 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with
or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.

 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft cense
designed for free software.

 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it
can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers
to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and
is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or
distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.

 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.

 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.

 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be
at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly
with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic
paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor,
and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic
translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text
formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose
markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage
subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format
is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy
that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or
XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output
purposes only.

 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats
which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text
near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
beginning of the body of the text.

 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License,
but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that
these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the
meaning of this License.

  2. VERBATIM COPYING

 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.

  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you
as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full
title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You
may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
copying in other respects.

 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using public
has access to download using public-standard network protocols a
complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If
you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when
you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.

 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

  4. MODIFICATIONS

 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the
Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of
it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which
should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the
Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the
original publisher of that version gives permission.

 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
unless they release you from this requirement.

 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
Version, as the publisher.

 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent
to the other copyright notices.

 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
notice.

 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and
add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there
is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating
the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its
Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated
in the previous sentence.

 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the
network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was
based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a
network location for a work that was published at least four years
before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
it refers to gives permission.

 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
dedications given therein.

 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are
not considered part of the section titles.

 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not
be included in the Modified Version.

 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. If the Modified Version includes
new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary
Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at
your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do
this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the
Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from
any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled
"Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your
Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer
review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the
authoritative definition of a standard.

 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover
Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes
a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you
may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements".

 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that
is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of
this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.

 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.

 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of
the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When
the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply
to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative
works of the Document.

 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.

 8. TRANSLATION

 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the
translation and the original version of this License or a notice or
disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

 9. TERMINATION

 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt
to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and
will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
remain in full compliance.

 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/
copyleft/.

 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

 Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy,
distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by
the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant
Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being
LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant
Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three,
merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.

